The hoof's structure and the horse's biomechanics

A farrier works at the intersection of blacksmithing and equine knowledge. To shoe and trim correctly, you must understand how the hoof is built and how it functions when the horse moves.

§Outer parts of the hoof

The hoof's exterior consists of, among other things, the hoof wall, sole, frog, and hoof bulbs. The hoof wall is the hard outer part, the sole covers the underside, and the frog is the V-shaped, elastic structure that helps absorb shock and pump blood back up the leg.

• 01Hoof wall: the load-bearing outer structure, grows downward from the coronet band
• 02Sole: protects the underside, should normally not bear weight centrally
• 03Beam: elastic, contributes to shock absorption and blood circulation
• 04Hoof bulbs: the rear, soft parts of the hoof

§Internal structures

Inside the hoof sits the coffin bone, and around it the sensitive tissue that binds the coffin bone to the hoof wall. These structures are heavily blood-supplied and must not be damaged during trimming or when hammering in nails.

§Leg positioning and balance

The hoof's angle and balance must match the horse's leg conformation. Incorrect trimming can change the load on tendons and joints and over time cause lameness. Therefore, the farrier assesses the horse both standing and in movement before trimming and shoeing.

§Hoof growth

The hoof grows continuously, just like a fingernail. Therefore, horses must be trimmed and possibly shod at regular intervals. How often depends on the horse's growth, use, and environment. Part of the farrier's work is to advise the owner on appropriate intervals.

§Context with the fitting

Only when you understand the hoof can you choose and fit the right shoe. The shoe should support natural function and fit the hoof's shape — not force the hoof into a style that doesn't suit the horse.