Rectangle-to-rectangle transition

The surface is developable and the flat pattern is solved in closed form. Cut the part to the drawing and it fits — the whole uncertainty sits in the K-factor, which belongs to the material and the machine, not to the geometry.

Dimensions are entered as: Inside dimensions. The flat pattern itself is always computed on the neutral fibre — at Ø800 in 3 mm sheet the difference between the inside and the outside dimension is 18.8 mm of developed width, and then the seam does not meet.

En koncentrisk firkant-frustum: en pyramidestub hvor en lille top-firkant sidder lige over en større bund-firkant, forbundet af fire ens skrå trapez-sider. Top og bund er åbne.

Bruges som overgangsstykke mellem to firkantede kanaler af forskellig størrelse, som tragt over en firkantet åbning, eller som hætte/sokkel i ventilation og inddækning hvor begge ender er kvadratiske.

VVS-energi og teknisk isolatør — overgang mellem to firkantede kanaler af forskellig størrelse, tragt over en firkantet åbning, hætte/sokkel i inddækning.

Galvaniseret stålplade 0,7–1,25 mm til ventilation; rustfri i proces. Bukkes på kantpresse langs de fire kanter.

Source: Materialer/tykkelser: src/lib/kasse/materialer.ts (DIN 6935 for stål; massefylder og handelstykkelser; springback). Ventilation: DS 447:2021 + BR18 §§ 420–452 (src/lib/vvs/artikler.ts). Fremstillingsfælder: docs/PLAN-UDFOLDNINGSBIBLIOTEK.md §9.2/§4.

Top-side — Top-firkantens sidelængde

Sidelængden på den lille øverste firkant, i mm.

Bund-side — Bund-firkantens sidelængde

Sidelængden på den store nederste firkant, i mm.

Højde — Vertical height

Den lodrette afstand mellem top- og bund-firkantens planer, i mm (ikke den skrå sidelængde).

Step by step with compass and square — in cardboard first, in sheet metal after.

1. 01Tegn bund-firkanten og den koncentriske top-firkant i opstalt og grundplan, og navngiv de fire tophjørner T1–T4 og de fire bundhjørner B1–B4 i samme omløb.
2. 02Forbind hvert tophjørne med det tilsvarende bundhjørne; hver af de fire skrå trapez-flader deles nu i to trekanter ved at trække én diagonal, fx fra T1 til B2.
3. 03Da figuren er koncentrisk, er alle fire sider ens — du behøver kun finde to sande længder: trapezsidens skrå kant (lodkant) og diagonalen.
4. 04Find den sande længde af hver lod-kant og diagonal med en sandlængde-trekant: afsæt grundplanets vandrette afstand mellem de to hjørner som katete, sæt højden lodret op, og hypotenusen er den sande længde.
5. 05Aflæs samtidig top-sidens og bund-sidens faktiske kantlængder — de ligger i top- og bundplanet og er deres egne sande længder.
6. 06Læg fladerne fladt ét ad gangen: start med bund-kanten B1–B2 i sand længde, slå et cirkelsnit fra B1 med lodkantens længde og et fra B2 med diagonalens længde — skæringen er T1; gentag for resten af firkanten rundt.
7. 07Fals langs hver af de fire lodrette hjørnelinjer, så fladerne knækker op til den firkantede form.
8. 08Sæt søm- eller limflap langs den ene lodrette kant, så stykket kan lukkes til en hel frustum.

Sømmen kan flyttes via klokkemålet til det hjørne der passer samlingen og vandafledningen bedst — læg den helst i et hjørne, ikke midt på en flade.

• ·Volumen-formlen V = (h/3)(A₁+A₂+√(A₁A₂)) gælder KUN ved ligedannede ender. Er ind- og udløb uens (fx 1000×1000 → 600×150), brug V = (H/6)(2AB+2ab+Ab+aB) — ellers ~4 % forkert.
• ·De fire trapez-sider er ens ved kvadrat→kvadrat, men bukkelinjerne skal ligge, hvor de plane felter mødes — ikke midt på et felt.
• ·Læg samlefalsen i et hjørne af firkanten, ikke midt på en flade.

The words and formulas the trade uses for a flat pattern. The symbols are the same throughout Discebo: α is the bend angle in degrees, R the inside bend radius, t the sheet thickness and K the K-factor — all in millimetres.

Flat pattern (development)

The part's surface laid out flat as one continuous cutting outline — the way the sheet looks BEFORE it is bent or rolled. Only a developable surface can be unfolded exactly; a doubly curved surface cannot be laid flat without stretching the material.

Flat length

The flat length the part must be cut to so the dimensions come out right once it is bent. It is either the sum of the outside dimensions minus the bend deductions, or the sum of the flat legs plus the bend allowances — both routes must give the same number.L = Σ(udvendige mål) − Σ(BD) = Σ(flade ben) + Σ(BA)

Bend allowance

The length of material that sits in the bend itself, measured along the neutral fibre. The bend allowance is always positive and is added to the flat legs.BA = (π/180) · α · (R + K · t)

Bend deduction

The amount subtracted from the sum of the outside dimensions, because the two outside dimensions between them count the corner twice. Here the bend deduction is taken as POSITIVE and subtracted; DIN 6935 writes the same quantity as the compensation value v with the opposite sign.BD = 2 · OSSB − BA

Outside setback

The distance from the theoretical outside corner point in to where the bend starts. Above 90°, tan(α/2) is clamped to at most 1 per DIN 6935, so the number does not explode towards 180°.OSSB = tan(α/2) · (R + t)

Compensation value v to DIN 6935

The standard's own way of writing the same corner loss: the flat length is a + b + v, where v is negative. Our bend deduction is therefore the same quantity with the opposite sign — never flip one without the other.L = a + b + v ⇒ v = −BD

K-factor

Where the neutral fibre sits in the sheet, given as a fraction of the sheet thickness. DIN 6935 writes the correction factor k, which applies to the neutral line in the form (R + t·k/2); the American CAD convention writes (R + K·t), so K = k/2.k = 0,65 + 0,5 · log₁₀(R/t), k ≤ 1,0 ⇒ K = k/2

Neutral fibre

The layer in the sheet that is neither stretched nor compressed when the part is bent. The flat pattern is always computed on the neutral fibre — which is why it matters whether the drawing's dimensions are inside or outside.

Bend angle

The angle the material is turned through, not the angle between the legs. The bend angle is 180° minus the included angle, so a square corner is 90° and a seam fold is 180°.α = 180° − åbningsvinklen

Inside bend radius

The radius on the inside of the bend. It is set by the tooling and the material, not by the drawing — too small a radius cracks the part in the outer fibre.

Sheet thickness

The thickness of the material. It enters every single bend allowance, so sheet delivered 0.2 mm thicker than ordered shifts the flat length at every bend.

Fold line

The line on the flat pattern where the part is to be bent. It is drawn but never cut through — in a laser file it therefore sits on its own layer.

Test bend

A strip of known raw length, bent in the material and the tooling that production will use. Measure the two outside legs afterwards and the bend deduction and K-factor can be worked back. The machine's own measured bend table beats any table.BD_målt = (A + B) − L₀

DIN 6935 covers only cold bending of flat products in structural steel. Stainless, aluminium, copper, brass and titanium zinc are not included — there the formulas are an extrapolation, and a test bend in the actual material settles it.

21 fields. The starting values belong to the figure itself — they live in one place in the code, so the tool, the share link and the smoke test can never disagree about what «default» means.

A preset sets every dimension at once. The name is often the word the part goes by in the workshop — the library's search knows them all.

Read them before the part is cut. They are here because they cannot be calculated away — not as legal text, but as craft.

• Pressure loss, sound and air distribution are NOT covered. The transition's angle determines how much of the velocity pressure is recovered, and that is a design question that belongs in the installation's own calculation — the tool supplies the geometry and the free cross-section, not a sizing.
• Fire dampers and fire-resistant ducts are not covered. A piece that forms part of a fire-compartment separation is a certified product to EN 15650 or EN 1366-1 respectively, and neither material thickness, seam nor hanger may be chosen by a geometry tool.
• Leakage class is not covered. The class (A–D in accordance with EN 12237/EN 1507) is determined by the seam's execution, sealing and installation — a seamed or riveted piece without sealing does not hold class C, no matter how correctly the pattern has been cut.
• Suspension, self-weight and wind load on an external piece are not covered. A plinth on a roof is a wind-exposed building component and must be calculated in accordance with EN 1991-1-4 together with the roof covering's own instructions.
• Hygiene requirements in kitchen, food and cleanroom installations are not covered beyond the crevice check. The requirements for surface roughness, inspection hatches and cleanability are given in the installation's own specification.
• The bend deduction is based on DIN 6935 through the foundation's ba()/ossb()/bd(). For stainless steel, aluminium and titanium zinc it is an EXTRAPOLATION — the standard covers structural steel. The machine's own bend table takes precedence over any formula.
• Insulation, vapour barrier and shell cladding on the outside of the piece change the external dimensions and are not included in either the blank or the parts list.
• The seamed joint is calculated with ONE seam width W on both parts. A Pittsburgh lock is ASYMMETRIC — 25.40 mm in the pocket versus 7.94 mm on the male edge — so a piece that is to be locked in a Pittsburgh cannot get its blank directly from here; the two parts must each have their own allowance from the seaming machine's own table.